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Business Management The Specificities Of Dealing With A...

This course is intended to give the understudy a prologue to the idea of entrepreneurship and additionally the specificities of dealing with a small business contrasted with an expansive one. The understudy will add to a general comprehension of business as a monetary movement and the part it plays as an impetus of financial development and social advancement. The individual attributes and practices, and the hierarchical qualities connected with fruitful business enterprise will be investigated and talked about. The understudy will likewise be acquainted with diverse hierarchical perspectives and administrative exercises identified with propelling and dealing with a little business. Task 1 Q.1 Organizational qualities:- Ability to establish, run and successfully conclude projects:- Business visionary should to have a capacity to see better approaches for utilizing existing items, process and administrations. †¢ Projects Management:-A business visionary is fit for arranging all assets (time, individuals, expertise, material, gear) to accomplish a specific objective on time and in spending plan. In addition, †¢ Can get thought to the phase of being assembled. Solid Commercial Astuteness for maintain a business in this ferocious rivalry. †¢ Project take into account an adjustment in obligations Develop aptitude base of your workers †¢ Diversifies their expertise set/gives opportunities. Ability to adapt to a changing environment: -Business person should need to change agreeingShow MoreRelatedThe Five Forces Model Framework1484 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Buyer power†; â€Å"Threat of substitutes† and the â€Å"Degree of Rivalry.† (Porter’s Five Forces) This model can assist both new and existing companies in determining the profitability of a new product line and or a start up business. For example, an entrepreneur looking to develop a new business plan for marketing a particular set of clothing (e.g., t-shirts) both domestically and internationally will put his or her plan through the five forces frame work in order to determine the possible future success ofRead MoreTheory Analysis: Total Quality management2922 Words   |  12 Pagesdifficulties in implementing Total Quality management Approach According to the prestigious management consultant company, Surveys by consulting firms have found that only 20-36% of companies that have und ertaken TQM have achieved either significant or even tangible improvements in quality, productivity, competitiveness or financial return. As a result many people are skeptical about TQM. (http://www.johnstark.com/fwtqm.html). The total Quality Management Approach works towards achieving clientRead MoreThe Nature of Competitive Advantage4497 Words   |  18 PagesCONTENTS INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ pg. 3 DEFINITIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Pg. 4 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS pg. 5 STEPP Analysis CONCEPTS a. Socio-Cultural/demographic issues affecting business. b. Technological Factors c. Economic factors d. Political and legal factors e. Physical/Environmental Factors IDENTIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES OPPORTUNITIES AND THREAT pg. 7 a) A Model For Industry Analysis- Porter’sRead MoreComparative Methodological Critique3073 Words   |  13 Pagesof legislation offering protection to LGB people. It is also the cause of unease for some employers in the modern world in discussing (not to mention dealing with!) this issue, and consequential bullying, suffering and fear which make life and work unbearable for so many LGB people. So far progress has been made based on social justice and business case studies which means that this still â€Å"remains †¦an under researched area in which there have been very few case studies of particular organisations†Read MoreHow Motivation and Leadership Theories Can Be Applied.3138 Words   |  13 Pagesa major source of work motivation. That is, goals tel an employee what needs to be done and how much effort will need to be made. Specific hard goals produce a higher level of output than does the generalized goal of do your best. Why? The specificity of the goal itself seems to act as an internal stimulus. For instance, when a trucker commits to making 12 round trips between Toronto and Buffalo, New York, each week, this intention gives him a specific objective to try to attain. The conclusionRead MoreManaging Financial Resources5335 Words   |  22 PagesHenley Management College [pic] Assignment Managing Financial Resources IBM HMC17 Author: Peter Neirynck Learning Team: Regional Group B – TIE team Date: October 29, 2007 Management Summary This paper analyses critically the financial performance management within IBM Software Group Belgium and IBM Southwest IOT. In order to understand how the financial reporting is an enabler for the execution of the corporate strategy, we analyse the published financial informationRead MoreHistorical Cases Involving Unlicensed Practice Of Law Essay2257 Words   |  10 Pagesimportant cases pertaining to law office management of a nonlawyer, The Florida Bar v. Neiman 816 So. 2d 587 discusses that it is a UPL to have a nonlawyer managing a law office, and direct lawyers on the types of cases they should or should not handle, how to handle the cases, and for the nonlawyer manager to give legal advice, represent the clients in mediations or other settlement arrangements. (Board Paper Issue.Com) THE FUTURE DEMANDS AND OBSTACLES DEALING WITH UPL’S There is currently high pressureRead MoreZara; Should They Change Their It Infrastructure to Remain Sustainable?10596 Words   |  43 PagesQuestion 1 Ââ€" Zara s Business Model and Competitive Analysis Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruà ±a, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansionRead MoreGood Csr - Bad Csr in Telecommunications Industry4557 Words   |  19 Pagessocial responsibility (policy, programme or process) is strategic when it yields substantial business- related benefits to the firm, in particular by supporting core business activities and thus contributing to the firm s effectiveness in accomplishing its mission†. The Lee Burke and Jeanne M. Logsdon framework (BL) essentially talks about five dimensions of corporate strategy – namely centrality, specificity, proactivity, voluntarism and visibility - whic h according to them should be the basis forRead MoreDiversity Within The Workplace : Diversity6655 Words   |  27 Pagesoptions. The world is so connected that we are doing business by e-mail and computer transmission all over the globe at all hours of the day and week. We encounter a staggering variety of people every day. We have so many types of people in the workforce today that we must define what we mean by diversity. In the workplace today, we have a staggering variety of cultures working side-by-side, blending untold influences together to achieve a business objective. The challenge for both workers and managers

Chapter 8 Mishkin Notes Free Essays

An Economic Analysis of Financial Structure Why do Financial Institutions Exist? (Why is Indirect Finance so Important? ) Chapter 8 Chapter Preview W e take a closer look at why financial institutions exist and how they promote economic efficiency. Topics include: †¢ A Few Basic Facts About Financial Structure †¢ Transaction Costs †¢ Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard Chapter Preview (cont. ) †¢ The Lemons Problem: How Adverse Selection Influences Financial Structure †¢ How Moral Hazard Affects the Choice Between Debt and Equity Contracts †¢ How Moral Hazard Influences Financial Structure in Debt Markets 1 Basic Facts About Financial Structure Throughout the World †¢ The chart on the next slide shows how non-financial business get external funding in the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 8 Mishkin Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. , Germany, Japan, and Canada. †¢ Notice that, although many aspects of these countries are quite different, the sources of financing are somewhat consistent, with the U. S. being different in its focus on debt. Sources of External Finance Copyright  © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-5 Eight Basic Facts of Financial Structure 1. Stocks are not the most important source of external financing for businesses [Direct Finance] 2. Issuing marketable debt and equity ecurities is not the primary way in which businesses finance their operations [Direct Finance] 2 Eight Basic Facts of Financial Structure 3. Indirect finance, which involves the activities of financial intermediaries, is m any times more important than direct finance, in which businesses raise funds directly from lenders in financial markets. 4. Financial intermediaries, particularly banks, are the most important source of external funds used to finance businesses. Eight Basic Facts of Financial Str ucture 5. The financial system is among the most heavily regulated sectors of economy. 6. Only large, well -established corporations ave easy access to securities markets to finance their activities. Eight Basic Facts of Financial Structure 7. Collateral is a prevalent feature of debt contracts for both households and businesses. 8. Debt contracts are typically extremely complicated legal documents that place substantial restrictions on the behavior of the borrowers. 3 W hy is Indirect Finance so Important? †¢ Transactions Cost †¢ Information Cost Transaction Costs †¢ Financial intermediaries to reduce transaction costs (and make profits) through – †¢ Economies of scale †¢ Expertise †¢ Read the municipal bond article. Transaction Costs †¢ Transactions costs ? ? ? E. g. a $5,000 investment only allows you to purchase 100 shares @ $50 / share (equity) No diversification Bonds even worse—most have a $1,000 size 4 Transaction Costs †¢ Financial intermediaries make profits by reducing transactions costs – Take advantage of economies of scale (example: mutual funds) – Develop expertise to lower transactions costs – provide investors with liquidity and diversification Information Costs – Asymmetric Information †¢ symmetric information—the case where all parties to a transaction or contract have the same information. †¢ In many situations, this is not the case. We refer to this as asymmetric information. Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard †¢ We will focus on two specific forms of asymmetric information: ? Adverse selection ? Moral hazard 5 Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard †¢ Adverse Selection 1. Occurs when one party in a transaction has better information than the other party 2. Before transaction occurs 3. Potential borrowers most likely to produce adverse outcome are ones most likely to seek loan The Lemons Problem: How Adverse Selection Influences Financial Structure †¢ If quality cannot be assessed, the buyer is willing to pay at m ost a price that reflects the average quality Sellers of good quality items will not want to sell at the price for average quality †¢ The buyer will decide not to buy at all because all that is left in the market is poor quality items †¢ This result, when bad quality pushes good quality from the m arket because of an information gap, is known as â€Å"adverse selection† †¢ This problem explains fact 2 and partially explains fact 1 Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard †¢ Moral Hazard 1. Occurs when one party has an incentive to behave differently once an agreement is made between parties 2. After transaction occurs 3. Hazard that borrower has incentives to ngage in undesirable (immoral) activities making it more likely that won’t pay loan back 6 Health Insurance †¢ Symmetric Information: Suppose, if you get sick, drugs cost $10,000/year †¢ Everyone has a 1/10 chance of getting sick †¢ Solution – Insurance will be offered at $1,000 per year Health Insurance – Symmetric Information continued †¢ Suppose 10% of the population (2 out of 20) is sickly and has a 50%(1/2) chance of getting sick – independent. †¢ Other 90% (18 people) only has 1/18 chance of getting sick. †¢ This information in known to everyone. †¢ How do you price the insurance? Health Insurance – Symmetric Information ontinued †¢ Sickly types pay? †¢ Healthy types pay? 7 Health Insurance – Asymmetric Information Adverse Selection †¢ Same as previous example, but one’s type (sick or healthy) is private information. Suppose insurance company offers policy at $1,000 per year? Suppose insurance company offers policy at $1,000 per year? †¢ Sickly type happy to save $4,000. †¢ Healthy drop out and go without insurance. †¢ Adverse selection: Bad quality pushes good quality from the market because of an information gap. 8 How about charging less say $555. 56 to everyone? How about charging less say $555. 56 to everyone? Break even on the healthy type, but lose on sickly type. †¢ Only way for insurance company in this case to break even is to charge $5,000 ? Healthy will go without insurance. Adverse Selection and Financial Structure Lemons Problem in Securities Markets †¢ Suppose investors cannot distinguish between good and bad securities, willing to pay only the average of the good and bad securities’ values. †¢ Result: Good securities undervalued and firms won’t issue them; bad securities overvalued, so too many issued. 9 Lemons Problem in Securities Markets †¢ Investors won’t want to buy bad securities, so m arket won’t function well. ? Explains Facts 1 and 2 ? Also explains Fact 6: only large well established firms have access to securities m arkets †¢ Bad quality pushes good quality from the m arket because of an information gap. Tools to Help Solve Adverse Selection Problems †¢ Private Production and Sale of Information ? Free-rider problem interferes with this solution †¢ Government Regulation to Increase Information (explains Fact # 5) Tools to Help Solve Adverse Selection Problems †¢ Financial Intermediation ? Analogy to solution to lemons problem provided by used car dealers ? Avoid free-rider problem by making private loans (explains Fact # 3 and # 4) ? Also explains fact #6—large firms are more likely to use direct instead of indirect financing 10 Tools to Help Solve Adverse Selection Problems †¢ Collateral and Net Worth ? Explains Fact # 7 How Moral Hazard Affects the Choice Between Debt and Equity Contracts †¢ Called the Principal -Agent Problem ? Principal: less information (stockholder) ? Agent: more information (manager) †¢ Separation of ownership and control of the firm ? Managers pursue personal benefits and power rather than the profitability of the firm Tools to help solve the Principal-Agent Problem: †¢ Monitoring ? Expensive †¢ Government regulation to increase information Fact 5 †¢ Financial Intermediation ? Venture capital firms provides the equity and place there own people in management †¢ Debt Contracts ? Reduces the need to monitor as long as borrower is performing. Explains Fact 1, why debt is used more than equity 11 How Moral Hazard Influences Financial Structure in Debt Markets †¢ Even with the advantages just described, debt is still subject to moral hazard. ? Debt may create an incentive to take on very risky projects. How Moral Hazard Influences Financial Structure in Debt Markets †¢ Most debt contracts require the borrower to pay a fixed amount (interest) and keep any ash flow above this amount. †¢ For example, suppose a firm owes $100 in interest, but only has $90? It is essentially bankrupt. The firm â€Å"has nothing to lose† by looking for â€Å"risky† projects to raise the needed cash. Tools to Help Solve Moral Hazard in Debt Contracts Lenders need to find ways ensure that borrower’s do not take on too much risk. ? A good legal contract ? Bonds and loans often carry restrictive covenants †¢ Restrict how funds are used Require minimum net worth, collateral, bank balance, credit rating. †¢ Financial Intermediaries have special advantages in monitoring[Facts 3 and 4] ? 12 STOP HERE!! 13 How to cite Chapter 8 Mishkin Notes, Essay examples

Diamond Essay Example For Students

Diamond Essay The unique nature of diamond is heavily dependent upon its composition, crystalstructure, and mechanical, thermal, and electromagnetic properties.1 Of thosedependencies, composition exacts the most influence over the characteristics. Crystal structure is the repeating pattern of diamonds composition, and eachof the properties are the result of molecular interaction which is determined bycomposition. Therefore, composition is paramount in the determination of thequalities of diamond. Before its discovery, adamantane was known as decaterpene,the name applied by Decker to his tricyclic hydrocarbon. Decker believed thathis decaterpene was similar in structure as the diamond lattice. Decaterpene, asin diamond, was proposed by Decker to be highly structured and strain free.2Decker proposed decaterpene in 1924, but that was all it was until 1933 when thestructure was proven to exist. Isolated in the petroleum of Hodinin,Czechoslovakia by Landa and Machachaeck, decaterpene became incarnate.3 However,the fact that they found the structure Decker predicted did not mean that hisnomenclature would be used to identify the compound. That honor was bestowedupon its discoverers Landa and Machcahcaeck who used the Greek translati on ofdiamond, adamantane, to identify the compound.2 Crude petroleum is separatedinto its component compounds by fractional distillation. The procedure involvesa sample of the petroleum to be heated until the sample is vaporized leavingbehind any solid impurities. The resulting steam enters a fractionaldistillation column in which a temperature gradient had been instilled. Thetemperature of the column decreases as the steam rises through the column. Theidea is that, as the temperature of the column decreases, the vapor temperaturewill decrease. When the boiling point of a compound is passed, the compound willcondense on the sides of the column and be collected in the fraction well atthat point. Thus the mixture is separated into fractions of compounds withsimilar boiling points in a mixture.4 Adamantanes high boiling point causedit to be one of the initial compounds to condense with the kerosene fraction inthe 190o C cut.5 The only problem with the fractional distillation method ist hat adamantane cannot be extracted in large quantities because it exists inonly a small quantity in petrol. The presence of adamantane was found to be only0.0004% of the composition of petroleum by the fractional distillation method.2Adamantane is not alone in the petroleum distillate in which it is present. We will write a custom essay on Diamond specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Alkylated adamantane derivatives also show up in adamantane containingdistillate. (II, III, IV) The output of adamantane is capable of being increasedif the thiourea adduct method is employed on the petroleum. Landa and Hale wereable to isolate complexes of adamantane from crude petroleum that had bonded tothiourea.5 Now that the natural product has been discovered, the next logicalstep would be to formulate the natural process in which the compound was made. As of 1964, the natural method that creates the adamantane compound had not beenfound. The natural process that was attempted was to bombard adamantane-freepetroleum with catalysts in an attempt to initiate the formation of adamantane. The resulting mixture was fractioned and analyzed to see if any extra adamantanewas created. In most cases, the catalyst failed to produce any adamantane. However, many of the catalysts produced derivatives that had the ring structurebut with extra components attached.5 The only catalyst shown to make asignificant amount was AlCl3, but not enough was created for the catalyst to beconsidered for mass production of adamantane. Catalysts that failed were:oil-bearing stone from Hodin with and without HF, aluminum silicate, aluminumoxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, zinc chloride, iron(III) chloride, tin(IV)chloride, antimony(V) chloride.5 It is believed that the reason many of thecatalysts did not work, even though they are present in natural petroleum, isthat the conditions that they were subjected to were experimental in nature. Thecreation of adamantane is thought to be a biogenesis of petroleum under a set ofconditions that is not able to be recreated in the lab.2 With the naturalmechanism a mystery, a synthetic method to create the compound was sought afterto allow the study of adamantane to proceed. After all, with Landa in completec ontrol of the slim supply of adamantane, the cost of adamantane skyrocketed.6Two methods were investigated to be able to create the natural adamantanestructure: ring closure and isomerization. Before adamantane was known to theworld, the starting material commonly used to synthesize adamantane and itsderivatives through ring closure was being developed. In 1922, Meerwein wasinvestigating a way to remove the bridgehead carboxymethoxy group of ringcompounds, and reseal the ring structure with diiodomethane(V) and sodium. Hisexperiments failed because the malonic ester(VI) which he created forced thereactant groups too far apart for the recycling to occur.3,4 Despite hisfailures, Meerwein was able to inspire other advancements of his researchthrough the malonic ester which came to bear his name as Meerweins ester.7This became the common starting point for the search for the path to cyclicadamantane. Bottger was the first to make great strides in the adamantanesynthesis research followi ng Meerweins lead. Starting with Meerweins esterBottger was able to bring the ring together to create a cyclic product.6 Theproduct was of the tricyclo- decane ring system of which adamantaneis a constituent, but Bottgers product still had external functional groupsaround the ring instead of the only hydrogen around adamantane.5 As a result,what Bottger had synthesized was not adamantane, but a derivative of it. Thefirst synthesis of true adamantane did not occur until 1937 when Prelog andSeiworth were able to advance the work of Bottger, and decarboxylize the ringstructure leaving behind only the basic ring.6 Adamantane was their finalproduct, but that product still was not produced in large quantities. The systemused by Prelog and Seiworth yielded an output of adamantane at 0.16% of thematerials going into it.7 As often occurs in science, the advancements made byPrelog and Seiworth were furthered by the research of others. Landa reenteredthe adamantane research realm with Stetter. Together, they were able to improvethe efficiency of Prelog and Seiworths overall synthesis. Decarboxylationyield was increased by the addition of the Heinsdecker pathway (11%), and theHoffman reaction (24%). Even with the advancements, synthesis of adamantane byring closure was never able to yield an output over 6.5% of the reactants.5Nevertheless, the process developed by Bottger remained an efficient method forthe synthesis of derivatives. This left research of adamantane to be inferredthrough the experimentation of adamantanes derivatives since its synthesiswas not economical. This was true until 1957 when Paul von R. Schleyeraccidentally synthesized adamantane. Schleyer was working on the inversion ofreversible endo-exo isomerization of tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene.3 During hisexperimentation, he noticed that the reaction had a side product of a whitecrystalline compound. The compound was set aside and investigated later. Themysterious compound was found to have a melting point that matched theexperimental adamantane melting point. Other adamantane-like characteristicslater solidified his compound as a match. Schleyers discovery of anisomerization method of adamantane synthesis rocked the scientific community, asit provided a more efficient method for adamantane production. Schleyer was ableto increase the output of his adamantane synthesis to a 30% and 40% yield byexposing the tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene to an AlCl3-HCl mixture under 40 atms. .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 , .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .postImageUrl , .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 , .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:hover , .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:visited , .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:active { border:0!important; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:active , .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739 .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7d3547518919bc98e8d7003b6a895739:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Vegetarian Diet Essayof pressure of hydrogen and HF-BF3 catalyst respectively.7 When Schleyer focusedhis procedure on the retrieval of adamantane, he found that the synthesis wasbountiful with the starting reactant dicyclopentadiene which is a commoncompound.3 Research into the enigmatic compound could then proceeded full forcefrom this point on to examine the compound to its every minute detail. What theyfound confirmed their previous assertions that adamantane was unlike anycarbohydrate known to man. That carbohydrate was found to be a three fusedchairs of cyclohexane rings bound only to hydrogen atoms. The crystallizedstructure of adamantane was studied in depth by X-ra y diffraction. An X-raydiffraction pattern is created through the interaction of photons emitted froman excited metal atom with the crystal form of a compound. The photon eithermisses the crystal atoms or is deflected by the atom. Most photons miss theatoms, but those deflected do so in a regular pattern because of the repetitiousnature of crystals. That pattern may be recorded through the use of a strip ofphotographic film or a two-dimensional array detector to provide a hard copy ofthe deflection pattern.8 Thus the crystalline lattice type, distance betweenatoms, and number of atoms per unit cell may be found by analysis of thediffraction pattern. The crystal orientation is a face centered cubic latticethat was completely separate from all known carbohydrate crystal orientation.6Face centered cubic means that there are atoms centered at the faces of the cubeas well as at the corners. Adamantane was derived to have a tetragonal spacegroup with four molecules per unit cell, and the vector quantities a = 6.60A andc = 8.81A.7 The carbon bond lengths and angles were stereotypically sound asthey were measured to be 1.54 _ 0.01A and 109.5 _ 1.5o respectively.6 This datashowed proof that adamantane was a stable compound, but how stable they did notknow until the physical qualities were determined. The melting point wasdetermined by sealed tube, and was found to be 269oC which is the melting pointfor adamantane exposed to the atmosphere as well as the highest melting pointfor a carbohydrate.9 It is unusual for such an occurrence, but adamantane has noend to its surprises. The exact boiling point of adamantane is impossible to bedetermined for it is incapable of being reached except by mixture with othercarbohydrates at which time the boiling point is 190oC. It is this property thatallowed adamantane to be discovered by fractionalization.6 The enigmatic natureof adamantane is reinforced by the fact that it has such a high melting andboiling point, yet it remains true that adamantane will sublime at roomtemperature and atmospheric pressure. Now that adamantanes crysatllinestructure is known along with the physical properties, what remains is fortechnology to fill in the blanks as far as molecular interactions of thecompound. Adamantane was subjected to NMR and IR(Fig 1,2) Each test producedresults that were unique for any carbohydrate upon which the same conditionswere exerted.5 The most probable reason for such unique results is thesymmetrical nature of adamantane. In fact, adamantane has a symmetry number oftwelve which is unheard of in a carbohydrate. This means that throughout thestructure there exists a combination of planes and axes about which adamantaneis symmetrical or identical that totals twelve. Many compounds, organic andinorganic, are symmetrical in one or two dimensions, but few are symmetrical inthree dimensions as adamantane is. NMR uses the magnetic nature of atom nucleito its advantage. By surrounding a compound in a magnetic f ield, the nucleibecome vulnerable to excitation by radiation in the radiofrequency range. Theradiofrequency that the nuclei absorb is dependent upon the environment thenuclei are exposed to as far as the neighboring nuclei and those the nuclei arebonded to.10 In this case, a proton NMR showed adamantane as only a sharpdoublet with a spacing of 0.95 ppm.(Fig 1) The symmetry of adamantane isperfectly supported by these NMR results because only a doublet means that allof the protons are identical in nature. This shows that each proton in thestructure of adamantane is sharing each of the electrons equally creating astrong dependence of resonance by all protons.6 The singularity in the NMRresult becomes an important diagnostic tool for determination of the purity ofan adamantane perspective. Any substitution anywhere on the ring would unbalanceresonance of the compound that would be picked up by the NMR in the form ofanother series of peaks indicating an adamantane derivative as long as thedoublet remains present. IR results are much the same as those of NMR in thatadamantane itself gives a clear result while any impurity clouds those results. .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 , .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .postImageUrl , .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 , .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:hover , .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:visited , .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:active { border:0!important; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:active , .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1 .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8d393e26765fa938ec02ddb82d8e06a1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To Kill a Mockingbird: The Influences Parents have EssaySpecifically, adamantane gives a major doublet in the region of 2926 cm-1 with a0.8983 transmittance, and other peaks shown on Figure 2. This means that aroundthe adamantane compound exists methyl groups that are similar in nature andsurrounding environment. Consequently, all bonds absorb the same wavelengthsthat suggests identical motion of each of the bonds whether that be stretching,scissoring, or other. Any variance in a functional group would result in theabsorbance wavelength to change. Therefore, an increase in the number of peaksand a decrease in intensity of the existing peaks would occur because the changein bonding pattern would limit or expand the possible motions of the bonds. Eachbond-motion type absorbs a different wavelength in the IR, so any change in thetypes changes the absorbances. IR translates the amount transmitted perwavelength to an electrical signal that is interpreted through fourier transformto an IR spectrogram.10 Absorbance is the inverse of transmittance, so anychange in absorbance changes the transmittance and the ending spectrogramvalues. Since adamantane is so symmetrical and stable, it becomes the perfectbasis for many studies and research. In fact the universality of adamantane isso great that it is capable of being used for: structure reactivityrelationships, development of empirical force field methods, orientationdisorder probe model, and structure basis for drugs.5 The possibilities areendless for adamantane and its uses simply because of its simplicity in natureand structure allow for a structure that is one of the most unique and strong innature. Bibliography1. M. Shen, H.F. Schaeffer III, C. Liang, J. Lii, N.L. Allinger, and P.v.R. Schleyer. J. Am. Chem., 114, 497 (1992) 2. B. J. Mair, M. Shainenger, N.C. Krouskov, and F.D. Rossini, Anal. Chem., 31, 2082 (1959) 3. P. von RagueSchleyer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79, 3292 (1957) 4. R.M. Roberts, J.C. Gilbert, S.F. Martin. Experimental Organic Chemistry. Harcourt Brace College Publishers:Philadelphia, PA. 1994. 5. M. A. McKervey, Tetrahedron, 36, 971 (1980) 6. R. C. Fort, and P. von Rogue Schleyer, Chem. Rev., 64, 277 (1964) 7. S. Coffey, ed. Rodds Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. Vol 2. Part C. Elsevier Publishing Co.:New York. 1969. 8. D.A. McQuarrie, J.D. Simon. Phhysical Chemistry: A MolecularApproach. University Science Books: Sausalito, CA. 1997. 9. Adamantane.Dictionary of Organic Compounds. Vol 1. 5th ed., Buckingham, J. ed. Chapman andHall: New York. 1982. 10. Ege, Seyhan. Organic Chemistry: Structure andReactivity. 3rd ed. D.C. Heath and Co.: Lexington, MA. 1994.